Discrete water sampling is resource and time intensive. It also involves the need for the scientist with or without a vessel to be on site to take the discrete sample.
Stanford researchers have developed a portable sensor device for rapid detection of heavy metal ions using a sulfidation process and concentrator for increased visual detection.
Stanford researchers have invented a fully water-soluble, orange hydrazine sensor that can robustly quantify the toxin hydrazine in liquids such as drinking water, waste water (treated and untreated), and bodily fluids.